Victoria 4.2 Base Female 3d Model Free Download
The clitoris ( ( ) or ( )) is a female present in, and a limited number of. In humans, the visible button-like portion is near the front junction of the (inner lips), above the opening of the. Unlike the, the male (equivalent) to the clitoris, it usually does not contain the portion (or opening) of the urethra and is therefore not used for urination. While few animals urinate through the clitoris, the, which has an especially well-developed clitoris, urinates, mates and gives birth via the organ. Some other mammals, such as and, also have a well-developed clitoris. The clitoris is the human female's most sensitive and generally the primary source of human female pleasure.
In humans and other mammals, it develops from an outgrowth in the called the. Initially undifferentiated, the tubercle develops into either a penis or a clitoris, depending on the presence or absence of the protein, which is codified by a single gene on the. The clitoris is a complex structure, and its size and sensitivity can vary. The glans (head) of the human clitoris is roughly the size and shape of a pea, and is estimated to have more than 8,000. Extensive, and medical debate have focused on the clitoris, primarily concerning anatomical accuracy, factors and their physiological explanation for the, and whether the clitoris is, an, or serves a reproductive function. Social perceptions of the clitoris range from the significance of its role in female sexual pleasure, assumptions about its true size and depth, and varying beliefs regarding such as, and.
Over 2000 items of free content for Poser and DAZ Studio, free poses, free morphs, free characters, free clothing, free props, free models, free textures, free figures, free hair, free content, free downloads, free 3D, free stuff, freestuff for V4, Victoria 4, G3F, Genesis 3 Female, V7, Victoria 7, G8F, Genesis 8 Female, V8, Victoria 8 and other popular figures.
Genital modification may be for, medical or cultural reasons. Knowledge of the clitoris is significantly impacted by cultural perceptions of the organ. Studies suggest that knowledge of its existence and anatomy is scant in comparison with that of other sexual organs, and that more education about it could help alleviate associated with the female body and female sexual pleasure; for example, that the clitoris and in general are visually unappealing, that female is, or that men should be expected to master and control women's orgasms. Contents.
Etymology The states that the word clitoris likely has its origin in the κλειτορίς, kleitoris, perhaps derived from the verb κλείειν, kleiein, 'to shut'. Clitoris is also Greek for the word key, 'indicating that the ancient anatomists considered it the key' to female sexuality. In addition to key, the suggests other Greek candidates for the word's etymology include a noun meaning 'latch' or 'hook'; a verb meaning 'to touch or titillate lasciviously', 'to tickle' (one German synonym for the clitoris is der Kitzler, 'the tickler'), although this verb is more likely derived from 'clitoris'; and a word meaning 'side of a hill', from the same root as 'climax'. The Oxford English Dictionary also states that the shortened form 'clit', the first occurrence of which was noted in the United States, has been used in print since 1958: until then, the common abbreviation was 'clitty'.
The plural forms are clitorises in English and clitorides in Latin. The Latin is clitoridis, as in '.
In medical and sexological literature, the clitoris is sometimes referred to as 'the female penis' or, and the term clitoris is commonly used to refer to the glans alone; partially because of this, there have been various terms for the organ that have historically confused its anatomy. Structure Development. In mammals, is determined by the that carries either an or a (male) chromosome. The Y chromosome contains a sex-determining gene that encodes a for the protein tdf (testis determining factor) and triggers the creation of and for the 's development into a male. This differentiation begins about eight or nine weeks after conception. Some sources state that it continues until the twelfth week, while others state that it is clearly evident by the thirteenth week and that the sex organs are fully developed by the sixteenth week.
The clitoris develops from a outgrowth in the embryo called the. Initially undifferentiated, the tubercle develops into either a clitoris or penis during depending on exposure to (primarily male hormones). The clitoris forms from the same tissues that become the glans and upper shaft of the penis, and this shared embryonic origin makes these two organs (different versions of the same structure). If exposed to testosterone, the genital tubercle elongates to form the penis.
By fusion of the urogenital folds – elongated spindle-shaped structures that contribute to the formation of the urethral groove on the of the genital tubercle – the closes completely and forms the, and the unite to form the. In the absence of testosterone, the genital tubercle allows for formation of the clitoris; the initially rapid growth of the phallus gradually slows and the clitoris is formed. The urogenital sinus persists as of the, the two urogenital folds form the labia minora, and the labioscrotal swellings enlarge to form the labia majora, completing the female genitalia. A rare condition that can develop from higher than average androgen exposure is. General structure and histological evaluation. Structures of the vulva, including external and internal parts of the clitoris The clitoral body forms a -shaped structure containing the corpora cavernosa – a pair of sponge-like regions of erectile tissue which contain most of the blood in the clitoris during.
The two corpora forming the clitoral body are surrounded by thick fibro-elastic tunica albuginea, literally meaning 'white covering', connective tissue. These corpora are separated incompletely from each other in the midline by a fibrous pectiniform septum – a comblike band of connective tissue extending between the corpora cavernosa. The clitoral body extends up to several centimeters before reversing direction and branching, resulting in an inverted 'V' shape that extends as a pair of crura ('legs'). The crura are the portions of the arms of the wishbone.
Ending at the glans of the clitoris, the tip of the body bends anteriorly away from the pubis. Each crus (singular form of crura) is attached to the corresponding – extensions of the copora beneath the descending pubic rami. Concealed behind the labia minora, the crura end with attachment at or just below the middle of the pubic arch. Associated are the, a network of nerves and blood vessels, the, muscles and the. There is no identified correlation between the size of the clitoral glans, or clitoris as a whole, and a woman's age, height, weight, use of, or being, although women who have given birth may have significantly larger clitoral measurements.
(cm) and (mm) measurements of the clitoris show variations in its size. The adult clitoral glans usually has a width less than 1 cm, with an average length of 1.5 to 2 cm.
A 1992 study gives clitoral glans widths of 2.5 to 4.5 mm (0.098 to 0.177 in), with the average size smaller than a pencil-top eraser. The study concluded that the total clitoral length, including glans and body, is 16.0 ± 4.3 mm (0.63 ± 0.17 in). Concerning other studies, researchers from the in London measured the and other genital structures of 50 women from the age of 18 to 50, with a age of 35.6., from 2003 to 2004, and the results given for the clitoral glans were 3–10 mm for the range and 5.5 1.7 mm for the mean. Other research indicates that the clitoral body can measure 5–7 centimetres (2.0–2.8 in) in length, while the clitoral body and crura together can be 10 centimetres (3.9 in) or more in length.
Hood and bulbs The clitoral hood projects at, where the edges of the (outer lips) meet at the base of the pubic mound; it forms as part of the external folds of the labia minora (inner lips) and covers the glans and external shaft. There is considerable variation in how much of the glans protrudes from the hood and how much is covered by it, ranging from completely covered to fully exposed, and tissue of the labia minora also encircles the base of the glans. The vestibular bulbs are more closely related to the clitoris than the vestibule because of the similarity of the trabecular and erectile tissue within the clitoris and bulbs, and the absence of trabecular tissue in other genital organs, with the erectile tissue's trabecular nature allowing engorgement and expansion during sexual arousal. The vestibular bulbs lie close to the crura on either side of the vaginal opening; internally, they are beneath the labia majora. When engorged with blood, they cuff the vaginal opening and cause the vulva to expand outward. Though some texts state that they surround the vaginal opening, this does not appear to be the case and tunica albuginea does not envelop the erectile tissue of the bulbs.
In Yang et al.' S assessment of the bulbs' anatomy, they conclude that the bulbs 'arch over the distal urethra, outlining what might be appropriately called the 'bulbar urethra' in women.'
Clitoral and penile similarities and differences The clitoris and penis are generally the same anatomical structure, although the portion (or opening) of the urethra is absent in the clitoris of humans and most other animals. The idea that males have clitorises was suggested in 1987 by researcher Josephine Lowndes Sevely, who theorized that the (a pair of sponge-like regions of erectile tissue which contain most of the blood in the penis during penile ) are the true counterpart of the clitoris. She argued that 'the male clitoris' is directly beneath the rim of the, where the (a fold of the prepuce) is located, and proposed that this area be called the 'Lownde's crown.' Her theory and proposal, though acknowledged in anatomical literature, did not materialize in anatomy books. Modern anatomical texts show that the clitoris displays a hood that is the equivalent of the penis's, which covers the glans.
It also has a shaft that is attached to the glans. The male corpora cavernosa are homologous to the corpus cavernosum clitoridis (the female cavernosa), the is homologous to the vestibular bulbs beneath the labia minora, and the is homologous to the labia minora and labia majora. Upon anatomical study, the penis can be described as a clitoris that has been mostly pulled out of the body and grafted on top of a significantly smaller piece of spongiosum containing the urethra. With regard to nerve endings, the human clitoris's estimated 8,000 or more (for its glans or clitoral body as a whole) is commonly cited as being twice as many as the nerve endings found in the (for its glans or body as a whole), and as more than any other part of the human body. These reports sometimes conflict with other sources on clitoral anatomy or those concerning the nerve endings in the human penis. For example, while some sources estimate that the human penis has 4,000 nerve endings, other sources state that the glans or the entire penile structure have the same amount of nerve endings as the clitoral glans, or discuss whether the penis has thousands more than the circumcised penis or is generally more sensitive. Some sources state that in contrast to the glans penis, the clitoral glans lacks smooth muscle within its fibrovascular cap and is thus differentiated from the erectile tissues of the clitoris and bulbs; additionally, bulb size varies and may be dependent on age and.
Though the bulbs are considered the equivalent of the male spongiosum, they do not completely encircle the urethra. The thin corpus spongiosum of the penis runs along the underside of the penile shaft, enveloping the urethra, and expands at the end to form the glans. It partially contributes to erection, which are primarily caused by the two corpora cavernosa that comprise the bulk of the shaft; like the female cavernosa, the male cavernosa soak up blood and become erect when sexually excited. The male corpora cavernosa taper off internally on reaching the spongiosum head. With regard to the Y-shape of the cavernosa – crown, body, and legs – the body accounts for much more of the structure in men, and the legs are stubbier; typically, the cavernosa are longer and thicker in males than in females. Sexual stimulation, findings and debates General stimulation, practices, and arousal The abundance of nerve endings in the clitoris, the majority of which exist specifically for sexual enjoyment, make it the human female's most sensitive and generally the primary anatomical source of human female pleasure.
Of the clitoris can produce female and, and may be achieved by or with a. The most effective sexual stimulation of the organ is usually through or stimulation , often referred to as direct clitoral stimulation; in cases involving, these activities may also be referred to as additional or assisted clitoral stimulation. Direct clitoral stimulation involves physical stimulation to the external anatomy of the clitoris – glans, hood and the external shaft. Stimulation of the labia minora (inner lips), due to its external connection with the glans and hood, may have the same effect as direct clitoral stimulation. Though these areas may also receive indirect physical stimulation during sexual activity, such as when in friction with the labia majora (outer lips), indirect clitoral stimulation is more commonly attributed to.
Penetration may also indirectly stimulate the clitoris, either by the shared (especially the, which gives off the and divides into two terminal branches: the and the ) or by the crura ('legs'). Due to the glans's high sensitivity, direct stimulation to it is not always pleasurable; instead, direct stimulation to the hood or the areas near the glans are often more pleasurable, with the majority of females preferring to use the hood to stimulate the glans, or to have the glans rolled between the lips of the labia, for indirect touch. It is also common for women to 'enjoy a light caressing of the shaft of the clitoris' combined with the occasional circling of the clitoral glans, with or without manual penetration of the vagina, while other women enjoy having the entire area of the vulva caressed. As opposed to use of dry fingers, stimulation from fingers that have been well-lubricated, either by or a, is usually more pleasurable for the external anatomy of the clitoris.
As the clitoris's external location does not allow for direct stimulation by sexual penetration, any external clitoral stimulation while in the usually results from the pubic bone area, the movement of the groins when in contact. As such, some couples may engage in the position or the, a technique combining the 'riding high' variation of the missionary position with pressure-counterpressure movements performed by each partner in rhythm with sexual penetration, to maximize clitoral stimulation. Couples may engage in for ample clitoral stimulation or for mutual clitoral stimulation during whole-body contact.
Pressing the penis or a in a gliding or circular motion against the clitoris , or stimulating it by movement against another body part, during any number of, may also be practiced. A, or specifically a, or other, may be used during or absent of any of the aforementioned practices. Other women stimulate the clitoris by use of a pillow or other inanimate object, by a jet of water from the faucet of a bathtub or shower, or by closing their legs and rocking.
During sexual arousal, the clitoris and the whole of the genitalia engorge and change color as the fill with blood , and the individual experiences vaginal contractions. The and, which insert into the corpora cavernosa, contract and compress the dorsal vein of the clitoris (the only vein that drains the blood from the spaces in the corpora cavernosa) and the arterial blood continues a steady flow and, having no way to drain out, fills the venous spaces until they become turgid and engorged with blood. This is what leads to clitoral erection. The clitoral glans doubles in diameter upon arousal, and, upon further stimulation, it becomes less visible as it is covered by the swelling of tissues of the clitoral hood. The swelling protects the glans from direct contact, as direct contact at this stage can be more irritating than pleasurable. Vasocongestion eventually triggers a muscular reflex, which expels the blood that was trapped in surrounding tissues, and leads to an orgasm.
A short time after stimulation has stopped, especially if orgasm has been achieved, the glans becomes visible again and returns to its normal state, with a few seconds (usually 5–10) to return to its normal position and 5–10 minutes to return to its original size. If orgasm is not achieved, the clitoris may remain engorged for a few hours, which women often find uncomfortable. Additionally, the clitoris is very sensitive after orgasm, making further stimulation initially painful for some women. Documented the, which has four phases and is still the clinically accepted definition of the human orgasm. Clitoral and vaginal orgasmic factors. De re anatomica In 1545, was the first writer to identify the clitoris in a work based on dissection, but he concluded that it had a urinary function. Following this study, (also known as Matteo Renaldo Colombo), a lecturer in surgery at the, Italy, published a book called De re anatomica in 1559, in which he describes the 'seat of woman's delight'.
In his role as researcher, Colombo concluded, 'Since no one has discerned these projections and their workings, if it is permissible to give names to things discovered by me, it should be called the love or sweetness of Venus.' , in reference to the mythological, goddess of erotic love. Colombo's claim was disputed by his successor at Padua, (discoverer of the ), who claimed that he was the first to discover the clitoris. In 1561, Falloppio stated, 'Modern anatomists have entirely neglected it.
And do not say a word about it. And if others have spoken of it, know that they have taken it from me or my students.' This caused an upset in the European medical community, and, having read Colombo's and Falloppio's detailed descriptions of the clitoris, Vesalius stated, 'It is unreasonable to blame others for incompetence on the basis of some sport of nature you have observed in some women and you can hardly ascribe this new and useless part, as if it were an organ, to healthy women.' He concluded, 'I think that such a structure appears in who otherwise have well formed genitals, as describes, but I have never once seen in any woman a penis (which called albaratha and the Greeks called an enlarged nympha and classed as an illness) or even the rudiments of a tiny phallus.'
The average anatomist had difficulty challenging Galen's or Vesalius's research; Galen was the most famous physician of the Greek era and his works were considered the standard of medical understanding up to and throughout the Renaissance (i.e. For almost two thousand years), and various terms being used to describe the clitoris seemed to have further confused the issue of its structure.
In addition to Avicenna's naming it the albaratha or virga ('rod') and Colombo's calling it sweetness of Venus, used the term columella ('little pillar'), and, an Arabic medical authority, named it tentigo ('tension'). The names indicated that each description of the structures was about the body and glans of the clitoris, but usually the glans. It was additionally known to the Romans, who named it (vulgar slang).
Victoria 4.2 Base Female 3d Model Free Download
However, one of the most prolific writers of the Middle Ages, felt that it was important to highlight 'homologies between male and female structures and function' by adding 'a psychology of sexual arousal' that had not used to detail the clitoris. While in 's treatise Liber de coitu, the clitoris is referred to a few times, Magnus gave an equal amount of attention to male and female organs. Like Avicenna, Magnus also used the word virga for the clitoris, but employed it for the male and female genitals; despite his efforts to give equal ground to the clitoris, the cycle of suppression and rediscovery of the organ continued, and a 16th-century justification for appears to have been confused by hermaphroditism and the imprecision created by the word nymphae substituted for the word clitoris.
Was a medical operation to excise an unusually large clitoris, but what was considered 'unusually large' was often a matter of perception. The procedure was routinely performed, due to physicians such as who believed that this version of the clitoris was 'an unusual feature that occurred in almost all Egyptian women and some of ours, so that when they find themselves in the company of other women, or their clothes rub them while they walk or their husbands wish to approach them, it erects like a male penis and indeed they use it to play with other women, as their husbands would do. Thus the parts are cut'. 17th century–present day knowledge and vernacular, a 17th-century Danish anatomist, dismissed Colombo's and Falloppio's claims that they discovered the clitoris, arguing that the clitoris had been widely known to medical science since the second century. Although 17th-century midwives recommended to men and women that women should aspire to achieve orgasms to help them get pregnant for general health and well-being and to keep their relationships healthy, debate about the importance of the clitoris persisted, notably in the work of in the 17th century and in the 19th. Like Falloppio and Bartholin, De Graaf criticized Colombo's claim of having discovered the clitoris; his work appears to have provided the first comprehensive account of clitoral anatomy.
'We are extremely surprised that some anatomists make no more mention of this part than if it did not exist at all in the universe of nature,' he stated. 'In every cadaver we have so far dissected we have found it quite perceptible to sight and touch.' De Graaf stressed the need to distinguish nympha from clitoris, choosing to 'always give the clitoris the name clitoris' to avoid confusion; this resulted in frequent use of the correct name for the organ among anatomists, but considering that nympha was also varied in its use and eventually became the term specific to the labia minora, more confusion ensued. Debate about whether orgasm was even necessary for women began in the, and Freud's 1905 theory about the immaturity of clitoral orgasms negatively affected women's sexuality throughout most of the 20th century. From the 18th – 20th century, especially during the 20th, details of the clitoris from various genital diagrams presented in earlier centuries were omitted from later texts. A illustration of the anatomy of the clitoris The full extent of the clitoris was alluded to by Masters and Johnson in 1966, but in such a muddled fashion that the significance of their description became obscured; in 1981, the Federation of (FFWHC) continued this process with anatomically precise illustrations identifying 18 structures of the clitoris.
Despite the FFWHC's illustrations, Josephine Lowndes Sevely, in 1987, described the vagina as more of the counterpart of the penis. Concerning other beliefs about the clitoris, Hite (1976 and 1981) found that, during sexual intimacy with a partner, clitoral stimulation was more often described by women as than as a primary method of sexual activity, including orgasm.
Further, although the FFWHC's work created 'fertile ground for feminist reformation of anatomical texts' and 'revolutionized existing descriptions and renderings of the clitoris', it did not have a general impact on anatomical texts; it took Helen O'Connell's late 1990s research for the medical community to start changing the way the clitoris is anatomically defined. O'Connell describes typical textbook descriptions of the clitoris as lacking detail and including inaccuracies, such as older and modern anatomical descriptions of the female human urethral and genital anatomy having been based on dissections performed on elderly cadavers whose erectile (clitoral) tissue had shrunk. She instead credits the work of Georg Ludwig Kobelt as the most comprehensive and accurate description of clitoral anatomy. Measurements, which provide a live and multi-planar method of examination, now complement the FFWHC's, as well as O'Connell's, research efforts regarding the clitoris, showing that the volume of clitoral erectile tissue is ten times that which is shown in doctors' offices and in anatomy text books. In 's survey of (1978–1997) – which contains over a million documents from over 6,000 scientific journals – 539 articles focusing on the penis were found, while 7 were found focusing on the clitoris.
In 2000, researchers Shirley Ogletree and Harvey Ginsberg concluded that there is a general neglect of the word clitoris in common vernacular. They looked at the terms used to describe genitalia in the database from 1887 to 2000 and found that penis was used in 1,482 sources, vagina in 409, while clitoris was only mentioned in 83. They additionally analyzed 57 books listed in a computer database for sex instruction. In the majority of the books, penis was the most commonly discussed body part – mentioned more than clitoris, vagina, and uterus put together. They last investigated terminology used by college students, ranging from Euro-American (76%/76%), Hispanic (18%/14%), and African American (4%/7%), regarding the students' beliefs about sexuality and knowledge on the subject.
The students were overwhelmingly educated to believe that the vagina is the female counterpart of the penis. The authors found that the students' belief that the inner portion of the vagina is the most sexually sensitive part of the female body correlated with negative attitudes toward masturbation and strong support for sexual myths. A 2005 study reported that, among a sample of undergraduate students, the most frequently cited sources for knowledge about the clitoris were school and friends, and that this was associated with the least amount of tested knowledge. Knowledge of the clitoris by self-exploration was the least cited, but 'respondents correctly answered, on average, three of the five clitoral knowledge measures'. The authors stated that 'knowledge correlated significantly with the frequency of women's orgasm in masturbation but not partnered sex' and that their 'results are discussed in light of gender inequality and a social construction of sexuality, endorsed by both men and women, that privileges men's sexual pleasure over women's, such that orgasm for women is pleasing, but ultimately incidental.'
They concluded that part of the solution to remedying 'this problem' requires that males and females are taught more about the clitoris than is currently practiced. In 2012, New York artist started work on a multimedia project to challenge misconceptions about the clitoris.
Based on O'Connell's 1998 research, Wallace's work emphasizes the sheer scope and size of the human clitoris. She says that ignorance of this still seems to be pervasive in modern society.
'It is a curious dilemma to observe the paradox that on the one hand the female body is the primary metaphor for sexuality, its use saturates advertising, art and the mainstream erotic imaginary,' she said. 'Yet, the clitoris, the true female sexual organ, is virtually invisible.' The project is called Cliteracy and it includes a 'clit rodeo', which is an interactive, of a giant golden clitoris, including its inner parts, produced with the help of sculptor Kenneth Thomas. 'It's been a showstopper wherever it's been shown. People are hungry to be able to talk about this,' Wallace said.
'I love seeing men standing up for the clit. Not having access to the pleasure that is your birthright is a deeply political act.' In May 2013, group launched the first annual International Clitoris Awareness Week, from May 6 to May 12. Clitoraid spokesperson Nadine Gary stated that the group's mission is to raise public awareness about the clitoris because it has 'been ignored, vilified, made taboo, and considered sinful and shameful for centuries'. Cosmetic or traditional reasons for clitoral modification. With a in which the female urinates, mates and gives birth via an enlarged, erectile clitoris, female spotted hyenas are the only female mammalian species devoid of an external vaginal opening.
While female are sometimes referred to as or as, and scientists of antiquity (ancient and later historical times) believed that they were hermaphrodites, modern scientists do not refer to them as such. That designation is typically reserved for those who simultaneously exhibit features of both sexes; the genetic makeup of female spotted hyenas 'are clearly distinct' from male spotted hyenas. Female spotted hyenas have a clitoris 90 percent as long and the same diameter as a male penis (171 millimeters long and 22 millimeters in diameter), and this 's formation seems largely -independent because it appears in the female fetus before differentiation of the fetal ovary and.
The spotted hyenas have a highly erectile clitoris, complete with a false scrotum; author John C. Wingfield stated that 'the resemblance to male genitalia is so close that sex can be determined with confidence only by palpation of the scrotum'.
The pseudo-penis can also be distinguished from the males' genitalia by its greater thickness and more rounded glans. The female possesses no external vagina, as the labia are fused to form a pseudo-scrotum. In the females, this scrotum consists of soft adipose tissue. Like male spotted hyenas with regard to their penises, the female spotted hyenas have small on the head of their clitorises, which scholar Catherine Blackledge said makes 'the clitoris tip feel like soft sandpaper'. She added that the clitoris 'extends away from the body in a sleek and slender arc, measuring, on average, over 17 cm from root to tip.
Just like a penis, it is fully erectile, raising its head in hyena greeting ceremonies, social displays, games of rough and tumble or when sniffing out peers'. Male and female reproductive systems of the spotted hyena, from Schmotzer & Zimmerman, Anatomischer Anzeiger (1922). 1.) Male reproductive anatomy. 2.) Female reproductive anatomy. Principal abbreviations (from von Eggeling) are: T, testis; Vd, vas deferens; BU, urethral bulb; Ur, urethra; R, rectum; P, penis; S, scrotum; O, ovary; FT, tuba Fallopii; RL, ligament uteri; Ut, uterus; CC, Corpus clitoris. Remaining abbreviations, in alphabetical order, are: AG, parotid analis; B, vesica urinaria; CG, parotid Cowperi; CP, Corpus penis; CS, corpus spongiosum; GC, glans; GP, glans penis; LA, levator ani muscle; Pr, prepuce; RC, musculus retractor clitoris; RP, Musculus retractor penis; UCG, Canalis urogenital.
Due to their higher levels of androgen exposure, the female hyenas are significantly more muscular and aggressive than their male counterparts; social-wise, they are of higher rank than the males, being or dominant and, and the females who have been exposed to higher levels of androgen than average become higher-ranking than their female peers. Subordinate females lick the clitorises of higher-ranked females as a sign of submission and obedience, but females also lick each other's clitorises as a greeting or to strengthen social bonds; in contrast, while all males lick the clitorises of dominant females, the females will not lick the penises of males because males are considered to be of lowest rank. The urethra and vagina of the female spotted hyena exit through the clitoris, allowing the females to urinate, copulate and give birth through this organ. This trait makes mating more laborious for the male than in other mammals, and also makes attempts to (physically force sexual activity on) females futile., an and, said that because the hyena's clitoris is higher on the belly than the vagina in most mammals, the male hyena 'must slide his rear under the female when mating so that his penis lines up with her clitoris'. In an action similar to pushing up a shirtsleeve, the 'female retracts the pseudo-penis on itself, and creates an opening into which the male inserts his own penis'. The male must practice this act, which can take a couple of months to successfully perform. Female spotted hyenas exposed to larger doses of androgen have significantly damaged ovaries, making it difficult to conceive.
After giving birth, the pseudo-penis is stretched and loses much of its original aspects; it becomes a slack-walled and reduced prepuce with an enlarged orifice with split lips. Approximately 15% of the females die during their first time giving birth, and over 60% of their species' firstborn young die. A 2006 Baskin et al. Study concluded, 'The basic anatomical structures of the corporeal bodies in both sexes of humans and spotted hyenas were similar. As in humans, the dorsal nerve distribution was unique in being devoid of nerves at the 12 o'clock position in the penis and clitoris of the spotted hyena' and that 'dorsal nerves of the penis/clitoris in humans and male spotted hyenas tracked along both sides of the corporeal body to the corpus spongiosum at the 5 and 7 o'clock positions.
The dorsal nerves penetrated the corporeal body and distally the glans in the hyena' and, in female hyenas, 'the dorsal nerves fanned out laterally on the clitoral body. Glans morphology was different in appearance in both sexes, being wide and blunt in the female and tapered in the male'. Cats, sheep and mice Researchers studying the peripheral and central afferent pathways from the feline clitoris concluded that 'Afferent neurons projecting to the clitoris of the cat were identified by WGA-HRP tracing in the S1 and S2 dorsal root ganglia. An average of 433 cells were identified on each side of the animal. 85 percent and 15 percent of the labeled cells were located in the S1 and S2 dorsal root ganglia, respectively. The average cross sectional area of clitoral afferent neuron profiles was 1.479±627 μm2.'
They also stated that light 'constant pressure on the clitoris produced an initial burst of single unit firing (maximum frequencies 170–255 Hz) followed by rapid adaptation and a sustained firing (maximum 40 Hz), which was maintained during the stimulation. Tonic firing increased to an average maximum of 145 Hz at 6–8 g/mm2 pressure' and 'these results indicate that the clitoris is innervated by mechano-sensitive myelinated afferent fibers in the pudental nerve which project centrally to the region of the dorsal commissure in the L7-S1 spinal cord'. The external phenotype and reproductive behavior of 21 sheep and two male pseudohermaphrodite sheep were recorded with the aim of identifying any characteristics that could predict a failure to breed. Among things recorded were the size and shape of the vulva and clitoris, the length of the vagina, the size of the teats, the presence or absence of inguinal gonads, and the ultrasonographic characteristics of the inguinal gonads: 'A subjective assessment of the masculinity of each animal's body form was also made, and its behavioural responses to a virile ram and to an oestrus ewe were recorded. A number of physical and behavioural abnormalities were detected but the only consistent finding in all 23 animals was a short vagina which varied in length from 3.1 to 7.0 cm, compared with 10 to 14 cm in normal animals.'
In a study documenting the clitoral structure of mice, it was found that the mouse perineal urethra is surrounded by erectile tissue forming the bulbs of the clitoris, similar to the anatomy of human females: 'In the mouse, as in human females, tissue organization in the corpora cavernosa of the clitoris is essentially similar to that of the penis except for the absence of a subalbugineal layer interposed between the tunica albuginea and the erectile tissue.' See also. Notes. 'The long, narrow crura arise from the inferior surface of the ischiopubic rami and fuse just below the middle of the pubic arch.'
. 'A common variation is 'tribadism,' where two women lie face to face, one on top of the other. The genitals are pressed tightly together while the partners move in a grinding motion. Some rub their clitoris against their partner's pubic bone.' . 'Within a few seconds the clitoris returns to its normal position, and after 5 to 10 minutes shrinks to its normal size.' .
'Most women report the inability to achieve orgasm with vaginal intercourse and require direct clitoral stimulation. About 20% have coital climaxes.' .
'Women rated clitoral stimulation as at least somewhat more important than vaginal stimulation in achieving orgasm; only about 20% indicated that they did not require additional clitoral stimulation during intercourse.' The amount of time of sexual arousal needed to reach orgasm is variable – and usually much longer – in women than in men; thus, only 20–30% of women attain a coital climax. Many women (70–80%) require manual clitoral stimulation.' . 'In sum, it seems that approximately 25% of women always have orgasm with intercourse, while a narrow majority of women have orgasm with intercourse more than half the time. According to the general statistics, cited in Chapter 2, women who can consistently and easily have orgasms during unassisted intercourse represent perhaps 20% of the adult female population, and thus cannot be considered representative.'